Section 01
Defining acids and bases
Brønsted–Lowry: acids donate protons (H⁺), bases accept them. Arrhenius: acids give H⁺ in water, bases give OH⁻.
Section 02
The pH scale
pH = −log[H⁺]. It ranges from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic). Pure water is pH 7 (neutral). Each unit is a 10× change in H⁺ concentration.
Section 03
Neutralization
Acid + base → salt + water. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O. This principle is used in antacids and titrations.